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Global food security is critically threatened by plant diseases, which can be especially catastrophic for smallholder farmers whose economic survival hinges on a productive groundnut crop. It is therefore vital to engineer an algorithm capable of early, automated plant disease diagnosis. Working alongside a pathologist, a large-scale dataset of groundnut leaf imagery was assembled to enable this automated detection. In image classification tasks, Convolutional Neural Networks have demonstrated remarkable efficiency. This investigation constructs a disease identification and classification system using a tri-CNN architecture that incorporates DenseNet169, Inception, and Xception, all of which were initially trained on the ImageNet database. The proposed ensemble strategy formulates final predictions for test data by applying two custom nonlinear functions to the decision outputs of these base learners, integrating their scores across four standard performance measures: recall, precision, accuracy, and F1-score. The tailored CNN models are thus utilized to train our system for superior results. The methodology was tested on a real-world groundnut leaf dataset. The introduced model registered an accuracy reading of 98.46%.

Achieving sustainability and efficiency in maintaining high crop yields while minimizing agricultural chemical pollution requires precise weed mapping to fully deploy site-specific weed management—a persistent, major hurdle in contemporary farming. This investigation tested the resilience of training epochs for the You Only Look Once (YOLO) v5s convolutional neural network (CNN) model in building an automated system for classifying crops and weeds from UAV-acquired imagery. The images were labeled with bounding boxes and trained on Google Colab across 100, 300, 500, 600, 700, and 1000 epochs. The network identified and sorted five distinct categories: sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), banana trees (Musa), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), pepper (Capsicum), and weeds. Training proceeded over multiple epochs to pinpoint the peak test-set performance and was terminated once the test metrics (overall accuracy, precision, and recall) began to decline. The findings reveal a marked improvement in classifier capability as the epoch count climbed from 100 to 600. However, a modest reduction surfaced at 700 epochs, where overall accuracy, weed precision, and recall registered 65, 43, and 43%, respectively, contrasted with the 67, 78, and 34% achieved on these same metrics at 600 epochs. This erosion continued at 1000 epochs, producing an overall accuracy of 65%, a weak precision of 45%, and a recall of 40%. These outcomes confirm that the training epoch length in YOLOv5s substantially governs the model’s reliability for automated crop and weed discrimination, singling out 600 epochs as the optimal performance point.

Traditional weed control strategies are ineffective and cannot be readily combined with intelligent farm machinery. The automated recognition and categorization of weeds is crucial for weed management and for enhancing agricultural output. The success of intelligent, precise spot-spraying platforms hinges on the accuracy of computer-vision-based detectors used for autonomous weed suppression. This work examined the practicality of deep learning frameworks (Alexnet, GoogLeNet, InceptionV3, Xception) for detecting weeds in RGB pictures taken in a bell pepper crop. The architectures were trained with differing epoch values (10, 20, 30) and batch sizes (16, 32), while hyperparameters were fine-tuned to secure the best possible results. Overall accuracy for the selected architectures spanned from 94.5 to 97.7%. InceptionV3 stood out, delivering peak performance with a 30-epoch run and a batch size of 16, attaining 97.7% accuracy, 98.5% precision, and 97.8% recall. Regarding this InceptionV3 configuration, the type I and type II error rates were 1.4% and 0.9%, respectively. The proven power of deep learning models charts a straightforward course for integrating these algorithms with image-guided herbicide delivery units to achieve precise weed management.