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Precise tracking and forecasting of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in aquaculture environments are essential for sustaining ideal water quality and safeguarding fish well-being. This research introduces an improved Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)-based framework for DO forecasting that leverages historical records of DO concentrations, water temperature, and other environmental variables. In contrast to conventional techniques that rely on static assumptions, the proposed framework dynamically adapts to changing environmental conditions, delivering immediate, high-accuracy predictions. Experimental results show that the improved LSTM framework achieves a forecasting precision of 92.28%, surpassing current models, including IFP (81.97%), DOE (63.81%), and DOP (86.79%). The framework's exceptional precision and flexibility make it a reliable tool for aquaculture oversight, helping optimize DO levels and reduce the risk of fish deaths. By incorporating artificial intelligence into aquaculture surveillance, this method enhances system performance and long-term viability.

Leaching losses of nitrogen (N) from grazed pasture are driven predominantly by urinary N deposited by cattle. This work aimed to use non-invasive accelerometer-based sensors to capture the timing and duration of urination and defecation events in grazing cattle. To register the back arching motion that accompanies urination and defecation, each cow was fitted with two accelerometer sensors. Experiments took place outdoors under grazing conditions during two seasons—autumn and summer—and captured a total of 160 urination events. Across the majority of these events, the tilt angle was observed to shift within a range of 8 to 22.5 degrees. Using 18 selected features that characterise a cow's back arching, ensemble machine learning classifiers were constructed to recognise urination and defecation. The urination classifier delivered an F1 score of 0.80 (harmonic mean computed from a precision of 0.82 and a sensitivity of 0.78). In contrast, the defecation classifier gave an F1 score of 0.73 (calculated from 408 hours of recordings made between 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. from 19 cows). Predictive models for urination event duration were statistically significant. Still, they underperformed, with low explanatory power, in part because the relationship between the duration of back arching and the duration of urine passage was only moderate (R² values of 0.29 in autumn and 0.47 in summer). The work highlights that non-invasive accelerometer sensing has real promise for capturing individual cows' urination patterns and for generating animal-level information that farm decision support systems (such as those addressing urine-N excretion) and managerial actions (such as selective culling or breeding) could use as input.