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Responsible AI Governance in Agri-Food Supply Chains: A Framework for Transparency, Accountability, Traceability, and Human Oversight
Artificial intelligence is increasingly being embedded in agri-food supply chains through applications such as automated quality grading, risk scoring, demand forecasting, logistics optimisation, pricing analytics, and food safety alerts. These systems promise efficiency, resilience, and improved decision support, but they also reshape how decisions are made and who is affected by them. In food systems, AI governance is not only a technical issue but also a matter of safety, fairness, market access, and public trust. Existing responsible AI principles provide important normative foundations, including fairness, transparency, accountability, human oversight, and social benefit. However, these principles are often framed at a general level and do not fully address the distinctive structure of agri-food supply chains. Food chains are fragmented across farms, processors, logistics providers, retailers, technology platforms, regulators, and consumers, which makes governance more complex than in single-organisation AI deployment. This article develops a domain-specific Responsible AI Governance Framework for agri-food supply chains. The framework integrates four pillars: transparency, accountability, traceability, and human oversight. It argues that responsible AI in food must make algorithmic decisions visible, assign responsibility across distributed actors, preserve auditable records, and ensure meaningful human safeguards for high-risk decisions. The proposed framework specifies transparency requirements for different AI applications, maps accountability responsibilities across supply chain actors, connects traceability systems to auditability, and defines human oversight mechanisms for safety-critical and livelihood-sensitive decisions. Three tables operationalise the framework through transparency requirements, accountability allocation, and integrated governance mechanisms. The article concludes that responsible AI in food requires governance that is as distributed, interconnected, and safety-conscious as the supply chains it seeks to guide.
Journal of Intelligent Agriculture and Food Systems
Original Research | Open access | 15 March 2025 | Article: 18

Generative AI-Enabled Farm Advisory Systems: A Conceptual Architecture for Conversational Decision Support in Precision Agriculture
Generative artificial intelligence is creating new possibilities for conversational access to agricultural information, farm data, and decision-support resources. However, fluent interaction does not establish factual accuracy, agronomic validity, farmer trust, or operational safety. This article proposes an original conceptual architecture for generative AI-enabled farm advisory systems in precision agriculture. The architecture treats conversational decision support as a governed socio-technical process rather than a standalone chatbot function. It connects farm advisory use-case definition, farmer query interpretation, heterogeneous agricultural data inputs, curated knowledge retrieval, generative model layers, response grounding, advisory-output controls, uncertainty communication, human oversight, expert escalation, farmer feedback, monitoring, and controlled system updating. Sensor observations, remote-sensing products, weather information, soil and crop data, farm-management records, and textual agricultural knowledge are positioned behind data-quality, provenance, documentation, and access-control requirements. Foundation models, large language models, vision-language models, multimodal models, prompting, domain adaptation, and retrieval-augmented generation are treated as optional architectural components whose appropriateness depends on the bounded advisory task. The architecture further distinguishes factual checking from agronomic validity review and separates farmer-facing explanations from advisor-facing evidence assessment. Safety and trust requirements include risk classification, hallucination monitoring, privacy, cybersecurity, auditability, farmer autonomy, explicit advisory boundaries, and escalation pathways. The principal contribution is a structured framework for designing and evaluating conversational farm advisory systems without implying autonomous decision authority, validated agronomic advice, guaranteed trust, operational safety, or deployment readiness.
Journal of Smart Farming, Precision Agriculture and Data Science
Original Research | Open access | 25 May 2026 | Article: 108